Baron Longford Baron Annaly - Feudal Barons

Feudalism - The  Lord Barons of Meath - Norman Feudalism

The Lordship of Meath was an extensive seigniorial liberty  in medieval Ireland  that was awarded to Hugh de Lacy ^[1]  by King Henry II of England  by the service of fifty knights and with almost royal authority. The Lordship was roughly co-extensive with the medieval kingdom  of Meath . At its greatest extent, it included all of the modern counties  of Fingal , Meath  (which takes its name from the kingdom), Westmeath  as well as parts of counties Cavan , Kildare , Longford , Louth  and Offaly . The Lordship or fiefdom  was imbued with privileges enjoyed in no other Irish liberty, including the four royal pleas of arson, forestalling, rape, and treasure trove.

According to The Song of Dermot and the Earl (a 12th-century Norman French poem), the land of Meath may have been divided the land among the following barons :

• In Fingal: Hugh Tyrrel, who obtained the barony of Castleknock and whose stronghold was Castleknock Castle
• In County Louth: the castle and borough of Drogheda (in his own hands)
• In County Meath.

• Gilbert de Angulo (or Gilbert de Nangle), who became Baron of Navan and obtained the barony of Morgallion. His son Jocelin also obtained Navan. Their stronghold was the castle of Nobber.
• Adam de Feypo (or Adam de Phepoe), who obtained Skreen by charter.
• Hugh de Hose (or Sir Hugh Hussey Kt.), who became Baron of Galtrim with castles at Galtrim and Derrypatrick (which lie between Trim and Dunshaughlin).
• Adam Dullard (or Adam Dollard) whose stronghold was at Dollardstown (which lies between Slane and Navan).
• Gilbert de Nugent, Baron of Delvin and later Earl of Westmeath whose stronghold was at Nugentstown, south of Kells.
• William le Petit; who obtained Castlebrack, Magherdernon and Rathkenny;
• Other castles are located at Kells, Slane, Duleek, Athboy and Clonard.
• The county also contained boroughs at Kells, Skreen, Trim, Ratoath and Greenogue (on the Broadmeadow water).

• In County Westmeath.

• Risteárd de Tiúit, who received the Barony of Moyashel centred on Dysart, Mullingar and Rathconel (from west to east)
• Robert de Lacy, who obtained Rathwire.
• Geoffrey de Constantine, who obtained 'good and fine land' near Rathconrath and Kilbixy (near Lough Iron).
• Meiler Fitz Henry, who obtained Ardnorcher or Horseleap (on the border of County Offaly).
• Other castles are located at Fore (near Lough Lene), Delvin, Ballymore (near the Hill of Uisneach), Killare.

• In County Offaly: the castle at Durrow
• In County Longford: Risteárd de Tiúit also built Granard Motte. It was one of the largest Motte-and-bailey castles in Ireland.
• Other barons mentioned in "The Song of Dermot and the Earl", without naming their strongholds are William de Misset, Gilbert FitzThomas, Hussey, Thomas Fleming and Richard de Lachapelle.

The Structure of Feudalism

The feudal system was a way of government based on obligations between the lord or king and vassal. The king gave large lands, known as the fiefs, which included houses, barns, tools, animals, and serfs or peasants to the Vassals.

The king also promised to protect the vassal on the field or in the courts. In exchange for this, the nobles who were given the fiefs swore an oath of loyalty to the king. The nobles promised never to fight against the king. This was first seen with Viking leader, Rollo, and French King Charles the Simple, where they came to a peace treaty, and Rollo swore fielty and loyalty to Charles.

These grants of fiefs were not originally hereditary; they reverted to the prince upon the death of the lord, never descending to the son, unless he inherited bis father's virtues; and were indifferently bestowed upon ecclesiastics and laymen, as merit deserved reward. But when Rollo took possession of the Duchy, fiefs became hereditary among the laity; the feudal system, which prevailed in France/Normandy Latin/Neustria, and every other province in France, began to grow irksome to the lower ranks of people; the feudal lords, not satisfied with the income stipulated by the first grant, encroached on their vassals, from whom they wrested the right of electing the officers of the fief courts, naming such only as best suited their purposes; and as each lord of a small fief or manor had the power of punishing, even with death, his under-tenants, and at his pleasure to impose heavy fines, or the forfeiture of the estates, the most arbitrary acts of violence and oppression were often the result of their avarice.

To prevent these abuses, the new Duke established a court at Rouen, called the Exchequer, where he presided himself, as the great seneschal of the Duchy, and also divided the province into great and small bailiwicks, with a court of justice in each, and an inferior court, where the viscounts or sheriff's presided, from whence appeals lay to the others, according to seniority, which effectually checked any wanton stretch of power of the arbitrary lords over their feudatories.

Besides leasing of the lands out in the manner before stated, some were always reserved for the particular domain of the prince; and his feudal lord, who held under him, retained part of his grant for the like purpose. These demesne lands were cultivated by persons who are described by the name of bordarii, in French bordiers; and were properly the domestics of the prince or feudal lord, employed in every species of menial service about the mansion-house, attended the prince or seigneur in his judicial capacity, assisted the officers of the court of justice in securing and guarding criminals; having slaves under them to till the demesne lands, and provide provisions for their lord's table. In length of time this grew into a species of tenure: the prince or feudal lords alienated as much of their demesne, as was requisite to command this service for ever, and the holding on these conditions was called bordage-tenure, esteemed the most base and servile of any. • .
The lands that remained in the hands of the crown after these arrangements, were either sold or bestowed on favourites, free of any rent-charge or service whatever. This kind of tenure has since acquired the title of freehold, allodial tenure, or burgagetenure, in English; and is in French called frank-aleu, from the Latin allodium. From this tenure sprung the English constitution, which totally destroyed every power annexed to the feudal system: all the personal services, whether civil Of military, the tenants under lords of manors were liable to, are either destroyed io that kingdom, or a rentcharge in money laid on the lands in lieu of them; by this means all British subjects are equally free. It had nearly produced the same effect in France under Louis le Gros, about the middle of the twelfth century, when that prince sold and granted privileges to his subjects, in order to raise soldiers to fight against his rebellious Barons. But notwithstanding thisplan was encouraged by Pope Alexander III. declaring, in 1167, that all Christians ought to be free from every kind of servitude or slavery, the progress of freedom was soon stopped in France, and all the subjects of that extensive monarchy reduced to their ancient state of slavery; which has been greatly increased since, by the succeeding French Kings assuming and exercising an arbitrary power, both legislative and executive, that never could have been usurped under the feudal system, according to the original institution.

It is immaterial by what tenure, or under what influence, the lands of the Island were held, or the inhabitants governed, in ancient times, before the feudal system was perfectly established; and it is difficult todetermine at what exact period even that system first took place in this Island. In all probability, Guernsey, though inhabited long before the Romans appeared in Gaul, was but little, if at all, cultivated till after the Normans were in possession of Neustria, then first called Normandy, of which these Islands fomed part. Notwithstanding the great pains Rollo the first Duke bestowed in establishing the civil government of his newly acquired territory, the Islands were for some time neglected, if we credit insular manuscripts, which inform us that the first regular settlement was effected, in 962, by the Benedictine Monks, who were driven from the Abbey of Mount St. Michael in the time of Richard I. third Duke of Normandy, and grandson to Rollo; and that the lands they then took possession of, were not erected into a fief or manor till nearly seventy years after, when Robert Duke of Normandy, father of William, commonly called the Conqueror, about 103'2, granted the fief St. Michael to the monks of this monastery, and likewise erected into fiefs the lands bestowed by his father, Richard II. upon the Fratres Minores or Cordeliers of the order of St. Francis (whom he had removed from the Abbey of Feschamp, near Havre de Grace, to make room for tome Benedictine monks from Dijon, and placed in a convent and chapel which he built and endowed for them upon the site where Elizabeth's College now stands); and other lands, also given by his father to the abbots of Noirmontier, Blancheland, and the Abbess of Caen, and which fiefs were to beheld by the said abbots and abbess, and their successors for ever, by fealty, homage, and relief, as other feudal tenures were held in Normandy. From the same authority we likewise learn, that in the year 1061, William the Conqueror confirmed this grant to the monks of St. Michael; which seems to have been in its origin confined to what is now the Parish of the Vale, and chapel dedicated to St. Michael, where an abbey had been founded by them; but then extended to onefourth of the Island, including the Islands of Erm and Lihou, upon the former of which a priory had been erected, and upon the latter a chapel; and comprised lands in the several parishes of the Catel (where another chapel had been built, at a place called St. George), St. Saviour's, St. Peter's, and Torteval; all which the abbot of St. Michael enjoyed till the dissolution of the monastery.

About the same time, William the Conqueror, to reward the services of his esquire, Sampson d'Anneville, who had been sent over to protect the inhabitants from the ravages of pirates, granted him the fief or seigniory of Anneville, which comprised about another quarter of the cultivated lands in the Island. Other grants soon after followed, in all sixteen; and Sampson soon saw the civil government of the Island established on the same basis as in other parts of the Duke's dominions. Six of these grants were bestowed upon ecclesiastics, and the other ten on laymen, and lhe remainder of the lands belonging to the crown were divided into thirteen bordage-tenures. We find them described in the insular records, and first in an inquest taken in the year 1244, by order of King Henry III. by George de Bullizon, then governor, assisted by twenty-two of the most intelligent inhabitants, sworn for the purpose, who say, that one-half of the Island belongs to our lord the King, and those who hold under him by knight's service or in capite; the other half is divided between the Abbot of St. Michael and Robert de Vere (ancestor of the Earls of Oxford and Dukes of St. Alban's, and to whom the fief D'Anneville, which had escheated to the crown, had been granted by King John); and in other records, the lords of these fiefs are called liberi homines and franc-tenans, free men, or free tenants. On each of these fiefs was instituted a court for deciding civil contests arising on the fief; and there was also a superior court established in the Island, composed of a bailiff and four knights or chevaliers, who held annual assizes, at which the military tenants or lords of fiefs attended, and appeals from inferior courts were heard. This sort of judicature continued till the reign of King John, who, by a charter, established twelve jurats in lieu of the four chevaliers or knights, who immediately checked, and in course of time so effectually destroyed, the feudal system of government, that little or nothing at this day remains that has the least allusion to slavery. These sixteen free tenants, and the thirteen bordiers, attend the Chief Pleas, opening the court on the first day of the three terms, when bye-laws are made for the internal government of the Island. The names of the free tenants are called over immediately after the bailiff and jurats, but they are not now consulted with respect to the bye-laws and ordinances, as they were formerly; so that their appearance is a mere matter of form, nor are they even obliged to attend in person, according to original custom: any one may answer for them by power of attorney, or if they do not answer at all, they are free by paying a small fine. An entertainment is on these days provided for the whole court, military tenants, and bordiers, at the expense of the governor. The very small remains of judicial power, still retained by three or four of the feudal courts, as well as the services the under-tenants are still liable to, we shall explain when we come to the parishes wherein they are situated. When lands were first granted out by feudal tenure, money was little known; therefore the rent-charges were in all countries payable in kind, such as corn, fowls, egg, etc. but since money in most countries, particularly in England, has become current, few payments in kind exist.

https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=rollo+fiefs+guernsey&sig=ZE1ibKL8j1CZI4C9msiBTFYXuzM&id=aL4_AAAAcAAJ  &ots=LsHHGlaZW9&output=text

Feudalism is a decentralized sociopolitical structure in which a weak monarchy attempts to control the lands of the realm through reciprocal agreements with regional leaders. It had emerged in Europe by the worst years of the invaders attacks spanned roughly 850 to 950. This feudal system was based on rights and obligations.

The structure of feudalism is characterized by three primary elements in which are lord, vassal, and fief. A lord was a noble who owned land, a vassal was a person who was granted possession of the land by the lord, and the land was known as a fief. In exchange for the fief, the vassal would provide military service to the lord. The obligations and relations between lord, vassal and fief form the basis of feudalism.

This system was also organized like a pyramid. In the pyramid the king would be on the top for the power it had and on the bottom would be the peasant for how poor it was. This system was not only used in Europe, but it was also used in many places.

 

 

Manor System

The manor was the lord’s estate. Life on a manor was the medieval version of a relationship which occurs, between landlord and peasant, in any society where a leisured class depends directly on agriculture carried out by others and was the basic of economy arrangements.

Purpose of Manor System

The Manor system was basically to have an economic arrangement. In which the lord would provide a serf with housing, farmland, and protection from inhabitants and in return, a serf would tend a lord’s land, cared for his animals, and performed other task to maintain the estate. This meant that all serfs or peasants owed the lord certain duties.

The basic unit was the manor was under the control of a lord, so free tenants paid rent or provided military service in exchange for the use of the land. Peasants farmed small plots of land and owed rent and labour to their lord, and most were not free to leave the estate.

However, the peasants paid a high price for the privilege of living on the lords’ land. Not only did they pay tax on all grain ground in the lords’ mills, marriage, and they owed the village priest a tithe, but they also lived in crowded cottages and had only one or two beds. They even bring pigs inside to warm their dirt-floor houses. Nonetheless, serfs accepted they way of living because of the Church teachings.

The Manor System in Europe in the Middle Ages was also known as the "Manorial System". All the feudal relationships back then was a mutual exchange of goods, lands, or services. Use of the term feudalism is typically restricted to the relationships between members of the nobility. However, relationships between the nobility and the peasantry, known as manorialism, reflect a similar power structure.

History of Feudalism in Europe

The feudal system first appears in definite form in the Frankish lands in the 9th and 10th cent. A long dispute between scholars as to whether its institutional basis was Roman or Germanic remains somewhat inconclusive; it can safely be said that feudalism emerged from the condition of society arising from the disintegration of Roman institutions and the further disruption of Germanic inroads and settlements. Of course, the rise of feudalism in areas formerly dominated by Roman institutions meant the breakdown of central government; but in regions untouched by Roman customs the feudal system was a further step toward organization and centralization.

Feudalism and Manor System

The Feudal System

 

The feudal system was a way of government based on obligations between the lord or king and vassal.

The king gave large lands, known as the fief, which included houses, barns, tools, animals, and serfs or peasants to the vassals. The king also promised to protect the vassal on the field or in the courts. In exchange for this, the nobles who were given the fiefs swore an oath of loyalty to the king. The nobles promised never to fight against the king.

SOURCE http://cdaworldhistory.wikidot.com/feudalism-in-europe